Sexual Violence against Males in Jamaica, 1970-2024: A Meta-Analytical Review of Prevalence, Determinants, and Intervention Outcomes

Abstract

This meta-analysis systematically examines the prevalence, socio-demographic determinants, and intervention outcomes associated with male sexual victimisation in Jamaica between 1970 and 2024. Despite the increasing global recognition of sexual violence against males, the Jamaican context remains under-researched and institutionally silent on this issue. Drawing from 42 empirical studies, this analysis estimates a pooled prevalence of 9.7% (95% CI: 7.1%-12.4%), with significantly higher rates among young males, those from low-income communities, and individuals in institutional settings such as juvenile facilities and prisons. Underreporting is pervasive, fuelled by entrenched hegemonic masculinity norms, cultural stigma, and institutional disbelief. The findings reveal critical gaps in Jamaica’s legal, healthcare, and social service frameworks, where male survivors are frequently excluded from protective policies and therapeutic interventions. Intervention studies point to a paucity of male-specific services, although community-led peer support and psychoeducation initiatives show promise in improving disclosure and healing. The discussion highlights the urgent need for legislative reform, trauma-informed services, capacity building within law enforcement, and public awareness campaigns to dismantle stigma and create survivor-centred systems. Recommendations include revising the Sexual Offences Act to ensure gender inclusivity, improving data collection, and integrating male-focused support into national frameworks such as the NSAP-GBV. This study calls for a paradigm shift in Jamaican policy and practice, recognising male sexual victimisation as a legitimate and pressing public health concern deserving of comprehensive, culturally relevant response strategies.